Calcium oxide is created when temperatures of ca. Ocean alkalinization is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to enhance the oceans natural carbon sink. Cross-cutting road map Read the core principles guiding our work on carbon dioxide removal and the ocean. Led by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Assistant Scientist Adam V. Subhas and Associate Scientist Z. Aleck Wang, this project will explore the implications of the naturally-occurring seasonally enhanced alkalinity flux from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, and . For example, on geologic timescales, the dissolution of alkaline silicate minerals plays a major role in restoring ocean chemistry via addition of alkalinity to the ocean and conversion of CO2 into other dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) species (Archer et al., 2009). Ocean alkalinity enhancement is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to accelerate the oceans natural carbon sink. The road maps are intended to catalyze global collaboration and engagement and will be updated and refined as advances emerge in science, technology, governance, and policy. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is increasements in the ocean's alkalinity via the exposure of large quantities of reactive minerals to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. CO2 removal with enhanced weathering and ocean alkalinity enhancement: Potential risks and co-benefits for marine pelagic ecosystems. Any MRV framework will have to focus on two major questions however. 1. Ocean alkalinity plays a major role in ocean's carbon uptake, in buffering, and in calcium carbonate production and dissolution, and it impacts and is affected by various biogeochemical processes. Land-based CDR methods such as afforestation or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage have received much attention recently. Should carbonates form, CO is still removed, but not as efficiently. This working paper follows the NASEM approach in establishing a preliminary research agenda for ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), and also outlines a technology maturation . Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement. Additional Ventures is committed to funding R&D in a responsible manner that accords with all applicable laws and regulations. This process provides needed alkalinity and minerals to marine life especially anything that makes a shell. The resulting CO2 deficit in surface waters is quickly rebalanced via a net movement of atmospheric CO2 into the ocean, to reestablish equilibrium. There are different ways to add alkalinity to the ocean. Discussions are meant to inform understanding of the knowledge base, efficacy, scale, and viability to each approach. The Global Potential for Converting Renewable Electricity to Negative-CO2-Emissions Hydrogen, Rau, G.H., H.D. When this lands on alkaline rock, it weathers (or dissolves) the surface of the rock, forming carbonates and bicarbonates in solution. "And, it could help to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions by increasing the buffering capacity of the global ocean." The Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R&D Program is an ambitious effort to evaluate the technical feasibility of alkalinity enhancement as an efficient method for sequestering atmospheric CO2, and to identify under what conditions it could be deployed safely. The research will remain within safe limits. The resulting CO, deficit in surface waters is quickly rebalanced via a net movement of atmospheric CO. into the ocean, to reestablish equilibrium. Any MRV framework will have to focus on two major questions however. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Climate change is having an impact on across the world, and urgent action needs to be taken! ocean in certain locations and/or times of year, thereby delaying equilibration (and as such CDR) for at least part of the added alkalinity. Once we . Atlanta, Georgia, February 1, 2022: Additional Ventures is partnering with Ocean Visions and a consortium of philanthropic funders to announce the Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) Research Award. Chapter. The Calcium oxide is then stored in the ocean. Seaweed cultivation involves the growing of . Ocean alkalinity enhancement may counter ocean acidification the change in seawater chemistry that has been caused by absorption of anthropogenic CO2 pollution into the upper layer of the ocean. When the concentration of CO2 in the ocean is less than the concentration of CO2 in the air, the greenhouse gas dissolves into the water. The oceans already hold roughly 38,000 billion tons of carbon; their capacity to store additional carbon is, for practical purposes, unlimited. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a particularly promising ocean CDR approach. "However, this would also release substances that would enter the marine environment, either by leaching into waterways from Enhanced Weathering on land or by being directly added through Ocean. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to accelerate the ocean's natural carbon sink. Specifically, following alkalinity addition, CO2 is converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3) and carbonate ions (CO32), and these chemical changes lead to a rise in pH (Kheshgi, 1995; Gore et al., 2019). Adding alkalinity to the ocean converts dissolved inorganic CO2 in seawater into bicarbonates and carbonates, which are stable forms of carbon with a lifetime of approximately 10,000 years. The experiment will run for ~5 weeks and we will monitor how the plankton community develops under the different alkalinity treatments. When theres excess CO2, the process accelerates and when theres less, it slows down. This is a useful synthesis of current knowledge on ocean alkalinity enhancement, an approach to carbon removal that could have far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) on the ocean and coastal communities. This enhanced weathering could theoretically increase CO, Ocean alkalinity enhancement may counter ocean acidification the change in seawater chemistry that has been caused by absorption of anthropogenic CO. pollution into the upper layer of the ocean. The ocean already contains 50 times more CO2than the atmosphere and has an enormous capacity to permanently sequester more. $397,716. A number of ocean-based CDR approaches are being exploredincluding ocean alkalinity enhancement. The goal of ocean alkalinity enhancement is to accelerate the carbon-absorbing weathering of rock, which naturally occurs as rainfall washes over land into waterways and eventually the ocean.. This amounts to capturing carbon dioxide and trapping it back in mineral form. , , , , . An array of lab and field experiments are needed to fully understand the environmental impacts of, and species sensitivities to, alkalinity enhancement. CDR inefficiencies and challenges around carbon accounting stem from processes that occur once the alkalinity source is added to the seawater. . Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) is a strategy to remove CO 2 directly from the atmosphere by adding processed minerals [e.g., lime (Ca(OH) 2) or olivine (Mg 2 SiO 4)] to marine areas.OAE increases the CO 2 buffering capacity of the ocean (de Coninck et al., 2018), which subsequently strengthens the oceanic CO 2 uptake (Khler et al., 2010; Hartmann et al., 2013). These substances could include minerals, such as olivine, or artificial substances, such as lime or some industrial byproducts. There are several ways to add alkalinity to the ocean. This process will make a minor change to the local pH in the waters receiving the alkalinity. The report says there is high confidence in its efficacy. That is, the technologies to extract, process, and transport minerals are all mature, but research on ocean alkalinization remains mostly at the level of theoretical work and laboratory experiments, with a few coastal experiments in development. Testing ocean alkalinity enhancement as a method to restore ecosystem services impacted by ocean acidification. When applied to the ocean, EW of minerals is achieved by adding large amounts of pulverized silicate or carbonate rock or their dissolution products, which adds alkalinity to the surface ocean and thereby locks CO2 into other forms of DIC, which is expected to promote atmospheric CO2 influx into the ocean. While those efforts remain vital, theyre no longer enough. 2022. This amounts to capturing carbon dioxide and trapping it back in mineral form. In late 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Mathematics (NASEM) released a study on ocean-based CDR approaches. This mildly alkaline water flows out through rivers and streams into the oceans. As CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere rise due to our emissions, it creates whats called a partial pressure difference in CO2 between the air and the surface ocean. As Tim Flannery puts it, you can consider the ocean as a mirror of the atmosphere when it comes to CO2. Adding alkalinity to the ocean removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through a series of reactions that convert dissolved CO2 into stable bicarbonate and carbonate molecules, which in turn causes the ocean to absorb more CO2 from the air to restore equilibrium. This technique mimics natural weathering processes but accelerates them by adding low doses of alkalinity to the ocean's surface, slightly increasing its pH and enhancing its ability to absorb CO 2 from the . . Our definition of OAE encompasses these electrochemical approaches. The OAE R&D Program is designed to be ambitious, rigorous, collaborative, and fast-paced. When alkalinity increases in seawater, dissolved CO2is chemically transformed to bicarbonate and carbonate ions. CDR inefficiencies and challenges around carbon accounting stem from processes that occur once the alkalinity source is added to the seawater. The cost of ocean alkalinity enhancement will vary depending on the alkalinity source, transport, and distribution methods of alkalinity in the ocean. One idea is ocean alkalinity enhancement - adding minerals like olivine or other alkaline substances to the ocean that react with CO2 to form bicarbonate ions, which once again causes the ocean to take up more CO2 from the atmosphere. Willauer & Z.J. 2022 Ocean Alkalinity in Bedford Basin, It produces a very pure form of alkalinity, ensuring that no biologically active or toxic byproducts are added to the ocean, The alkalinity is highly insoluble in seawater which limits the amount that it can change the chemistry of the local ocean even if theres a spill, it wont change the pH of seawater beyond safe ranges, It produces alkalinity whose cation the ion that comes with it is already abundant in seawater chemistry this is not a new substance for the ocean. The oceans are the largest store of carbon on the earths surface, holding over 38,000 gigatonnes (billion tonnes) in their chemistry. This would lead to a build-up of calcium,. Can OAE be cost-effectively deployed at scale? There are two ways that the earth transfers carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean rock weathering and direct dissolution. The knowledge base available for each method and . Much research remains to be done to assess the efficacy and side effects of various approaches. This way, alkalinity added to the top one meter of the ocean will absorb CO2 directly from the atmosphere. To give a sense of scale, if you were to remove all the CO2 from the atmosphere and put it in the oceans, it would only increase the amount of carbon in ocean chemistry by 2%. 2. Large-scale and permanent modification of seawater carbon chemistry will have desired and undesired environmental impacts, and these impacts are likely to differ across the various modes of alkalinity addition. The sheer scale of the ocean means that any ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) solutions proven to be viable and safe would have the potential to clean up billions of tons of CO2. These could have both positive and negative impacts on the marine ecosystem and change the composition of phytoplankton communities. The discussion of the two strategies is broken into two main sessions, one covering technological approaches and one covering natural approaches to ocean alkalinity enhancement and CO 2 removal. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the carbonate species end up at the bottom of the ocean where they form carbonate rock. To remove the maximum amount of CO from the atmosphere, that alkalinity needs to persist in seawater. This request for proposals (RFP) is part of the Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R&D Program, an ambitious effort to accelerate understanding of . Two pathways holding significant potential for CDR are together known as ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). The ocean is one of nature's largest carbon sinks, as it absorbs upwards of 30% of cumulative human emissions. Our proposal represents an urgently needed step to determine the likely feasibility of OAE to restore ocean pH in the field effectively and safely. CEA Consulting have put forward a thorough examination of ocean alkalinity enhancement, raising awareness about this process and its ability to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide. 7 Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: 181-208: 8 Electrochemical Engineering Approaches: 209-238: 9 Synthesis and Research Strategy: 239-264: References: 265-296: Acronyms and . Abstract. We must also clean up the legacy greenhouse gas pollution already in our atmosphere. Posted on March 13, 2020by julia This is a useful synthesis of current knowledge on ocean alkalinity enhancement, an approach to carbon removal that could have far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) on the ocean and coastal communities. For this reason, Planetary is developing a detailed framework aimed at ensuring alkalinity addition at any site is preceded by detailed research and . This dissolution forms carbonic acid and is responsible for acidifying our oceans. These include spreading finely ground alkaline substances over the open ocean, depositing alkaline sand or gravel on beaches or coastal seabeds, and reacting seawater with alkaline minerals inside specialized fuel cells before releasing it back into the ocean. While OAE is potentially efficient, permanent, and scalable on paper, it remains a theoretical concept with many open questions which we hope to answer. Adding alkalinity to the ocean converts dissolved inorganic CO, in seawater into bicarbonates and carbonates, which are stable forms of carbon with a lifetime of approximately 10,000 years. Our planet is being transformed by climate disruption, with some of the worst impacts occurring in the ocean. Ocean alkalinization is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to enhance the ocean's natural carbon sink. (2019) have noted, our . Direct dissolution of CO2 is far less of a beneficial process than rock weathering. One proposed ocean-based CDR technique is ocean alkalinity1 enhancement (OAE) (Figure 7.1), also termed enhanced weathering (EW), proposed by Kheshgi (1995). For the chemical binding of carbon dioxide, alkaline substances, for example silicate or lime, are discharged directly into the surface water of the ocean. Seaweed cultivation involves the growing of . The governance of ocean alkalinity enhancement is also likely to be problematic, constrained by LC/LP regulation and strongly opposed by NGOs that reject climate interventions considered to interfere with nature. I did mention that this Biological Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (BOAE) project "Hijacked" the biomineralization pathways. This process occurs naturally over geologic time as alkalinity is produced through the slow weathering of rocks, such as limestone or basalt, and subsequent runoff of the alkaline molecules into the ocean. A research strategy for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal and sequestration, pp 181-208. We recognize that modification of seawater carbonate chemistry may have undesired environmental impacts, and that further research may show that these outweigh the benefits of alkalinity enhancement in permanently removing CO2 from the atmosphere.
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