Our accumulated body of knowledge, most notably, suggests that these writings are scientifically grounded and authentic and their content is clear. This is consistent with Andonite genetic heritage, which gave rise 500,000 years ago to the six Sangik races. Standing Male Worshipper, 2900 BCE, via The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. What race were Sumerians? [93] About twenty seals have been found from the Akkadian and Ur III sites, that have connections with Harappa and often use Harappan symbols or writing. Sumer - Wikipedia The credit for this must go to the Reverend Edward Hincks (1792-1866). Others have suggested that the Sumerians descended from the mountains of the northeast. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement, "The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary: sagiga[humankind]", "Ancient Mesopotamia. Genders, man and woman wear straight skirts and shawls in Babylon. [43][pageneeded]. Ki. Slaves mostly worked domestic chores in the homes of the wealthy, but could also be used in the temple to do work for the priests. Religion. This constant rebuilding gradually raised the level of cities, which thus came to be elevated above the surrounding plain. Nonetheless, these were not exclusive; the gods of one city were often acknowledged elsewhere. The Sumerians were Black Rawlinson was convinced that there was a relationship between the Sumerians and Africans. As a result he used two African languages: one Semitic and the other Cushitic to decipher the cuneiform writing. Rawlinson was sure that the ancient Nubians and Puntites founded Mesopotamian civilization.(1) Different approaches to understanding the Sumerians have, however, emerged in the last forty years. WebAre Sumerians and Akkadians the same? The Ubaid period is marked by a distinctive style of fine quality painted pottery which spread throughout Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. The Sumerian chariot comprised a four or two-wheeled device manned by a crew of two and harnessed to four onagers. It ended in the face of Amorite incursions at the beginning of the second millennium BC. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. [60], The Sumerians generally seem to have discouraged premarital sex. The infantry carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. What skin color were the Sumerians? This was corroborated by other scholars including, Chandra Chakaberty, who asserted in his book A Study in Hindu Social Polity that based on the statuaries and steles of Babylonia, the Sumerians were of dark complexion (chocolate colour ), short stature, but of sturdy frame, oval face, stout nose, straight hair, They grew barley, chickpeas, lentils, wheat, dates, onions, garlic, lettuce, leeks and mustard. The adventure-filled tale centers on a Sumerian king named Gilgamesh who is . 'un-deflowered', or gi nunzua, 'never having known a penis'. Sumerians created an advanced civilization with its own system of elaborate language and writing, architecture and arts, astronomy and mathematics. From the mid-third millennium BCE, Sumerian royal inscriptions refer to a homeland (kalam), sometimes in parallel with ki-en-gi (Akkadian Sumer), which seems to refer in a general sense to southern Mesopotamia. Unfortunately, the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. Metals such as gold, silver, copper, and bronze, along with shells and gemstones, were used for the finest sculpture and inlays. While Shuruppaks fatherly wisdom is one of the most ancient examples of written literature, historys oldest known fictional story is probably the Epic of Gilgamesh, a mythic poem that first appeared as early as the third millennium B.C. Understanding Sumerian texts today can be problematic. These Saharan people were round-headed ancient Mediterranean type. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. As early as 1849 Hincks had also concluded that the language of the inventors of cuneiform was not in fact Akkadian and that the system of writing derived from a people who spoke a non-Semitic language. Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism, or the belief in many gods in human form. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the Ur III period that followed it. [63] The Sumerians widely believed that masturbation enhanced sexual potency, both for men and for women,[63] and they frequently engaged in it, both alone and with their partners. The world population at this time has been estimated at 27 million.[54]. Wall plaque showing libations to a seated god and a temple. Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. It tells of a king from the early Dynastic II period named Gilgamesh or "Bilgamesh" in Sumerian. The Epic of Gilgamesh refers to trade with far lands for goods, such as wood, that were scarce in Mesopotamia. Examples of Sumerian technology include: the wheel, cuneiform script, arithmetic and geometry, irrigation systems, Sumerian boats, lunisolar calendar, bronze, leather, saws, chisels, hammers, braces, bits, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, lancepoints, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, waterskins, bags, harnesses, armor, quivers, war chariots, scabbards, boots, sandals, harpoons and beer. [22][23] Alternatively, a recent (2013) genetic analysis of four ancient Mesopotamian skeletal DNA samples suggests an association of the Sumerians with Indus Valley Civilization, possibly as a result of ancient Indus-Mesopotamia relations. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur at approximately 21002000 BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use for some time. Left: Sculpture of the head of Sumerian ruler. In the late 4th millennium BC, Sumer was divided into many independent city-states, which were divided by canals and boundary stones. )/la naqbat (Akk.) Sumer, or the land of civilized kings, flourished in Mesopotamia, now modern-day Iraq, around 4500 BC. Ancient sculpture was used to distinguish Sumerian men (identified as clean shaven with round heads) from their Semitic counterparts (with beards and long heads). Read More, The Sumerian language is unrelated to any other language past or present. Your email address will not be published. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. [citation needed], Others have suggested a continuity of Sumerians, from the indigenous hunter-fisherfolk traditions, associated with the bifacial assemblages found on the Arabian littoral. Thus, in the later Akkadian Enuma Elish, creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water, between male Abzu, and female Tiamat. Sign up here to receive ANE Today in your inbox weekly! Read More, American Society of Overseas ResearchThe James F. Strange Center209 Commerce StreetAlexandria, VA 22314, 2023 ASOR All rights reserved.Images licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Contact UsMembershipGiveFriends of ASORASOR Cultural Heritage InitiativesTerms of Use. [93], The Indus Valley Civilization only flourished in its most developed form between 2400 and 1800 BC, but at the time of these exchanges, it was a much larger entity than the Mesopotamian civilization, covering an area of 1.2 million square meters with thousands of settlements, compared to an area of only about 65.000 square meters for the occupied area of Mesopotamia, while the largest cities were comparable in size at about 3040,000 inhabitants. The Sumerian afterlife involved a descent into a gloomy netherworld to spend eternity in a wretched existence as a Gidim (ghost).[75]. In Sumerian myth, An and Ki produced a variety of plants on the earth. How did the Sumerians know about human DNA over 5000 years ago? The Nodites, a race that started about 200,000 years ago, had black hair. [22] Although not specifically discussing Sumerians, Lazaridis et al. Plants were also grown in pots or vases. The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred. Paul Collins is Jaleh Hearn Curator for Ancient Near East at the Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, and a Hugh Price Fellow at Jesus College. Sumerian structures were made of plano-convex mudbrick, not fixed with mortar or cement. Sumerian gods were often associated with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The inscriptions of King Shulgi, who likely spoke Akkadian, describe him as being of Sumerian seed, but perhaps only in the sense that he originated from southern Mesopotamia and had mastered the dead language. The foundation stonesor rather bricksof a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them."[56]. Examples of racial types from D.M MacKenzie, Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, 1915. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognized as a major problem. [59]:78 These marriages became legal as soon as the groom delivered a bridal gift to his bride's father. The Bible is a history book and it informs us of who these black Sumerians were. WebWhat ethnicity was Sumerians? After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Genetics will not solve the puzzle, but it may help in elucidating relationships. The origins of the Sumerians are murky, but many scholars have suggested that they may have arrived from the south (the oldest city, Eridu, is in the south). Others have suggested that the Sumerians descended from the mountains of the northeast. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. 2016 have suggested a partial North African origin for some pre-Semitic cultures of the Middle East, particularly Natufians, after testing the genomes of Natufian and Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture-bearers. [84] The farmers would use threshing wagons, driven by oxen, to separate the cereal heads from the stalks and then use threshing sleds to disengage the grain. [57], Inscriptions describing the reforms of king Urukagina of Lagash (c. 2350 BC) say that he abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country, prescribing that a woman who took multiple husbands be stoned with rocks upon which her crime had been written. The last of these eventually came to briefly dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire, just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done in the north from the late 21st century BC. Sumerians believed that the universe consisted of a flat disk enclosed by a dome. Later, Lugal-Zage-Si, the priest-king of Umma, overthrew the primacy of the Lagash dynasty in the area, then conquered Uruk, making it his capital, and claimed an empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. Full libraries of clay tablets have been found. They have been understood as a distinct people, speaking a common language, who occupied the alluvial plains of southern Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) between approximately 3500 and 2000 BCE. Standing Male Worshipper. This pattern continued to influence regional Mesopotamian myths. [59]:78 One Sumerian proverb describes the ideal, happy marriage through the mouth of a husband who boasts that his wife has borne him eight sons and is still eager to have sex. Since stone was rare it was reserved for sculpture. In this way the Sumerians were appreciated and valued in new ways, especially through museum displays in London, Philadelphia and Chicago where a substantial number of the excavated objects had been sent as a result of the division of finds. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). They were already light-skinned. [citation needed]. What ethnicity was Sumerians? Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi [citation needed], Marriages were usually arranged by the parents of the bride and groom;[59]:78 engagements were usually completed through the approval of contracts recorded on clay tablets. What was the race of Sumerians? Sage-Answer Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians may have been the people living in the Persian Gulf region before it flooded at the end of the last Ice Age. These deities formed the main pantheon, and in addition to this there were hundreds of other minor gods. Summary. The early inhabitants of this region were predominantly Semitic, and their speech is called Akkadian. In particular, cedar from Lebanon was prized. [105] Lapis lazuli probably originated in northern Afghanistan, as no other sources are known, and had to be transported across the Iranian plateau to Mesopotamia, and then Egypt. [106] They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. ", "Knives, drills, wedges and an instrument that looks like a saw were all known. What race were Sumerians? ouestny.com 'head' + 'black' + 'carry'). Not a Friend of ASOR yet? WebAncient Mesopotamia proved that fertile land and the knowledge to cultivate it was a fortuitous recipe for wealth and civilization. There were fire-places and fire-altars. This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 06:54. It was their literary compositions that were used by twentieth century scholars to maintain a compelling picture of the Sumerians as a distinct people. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. The new concept led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. This led them to live in larger communitiesthe first cities. pp. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of clay tablets written in cuneiform script. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. Mud-brick buildings eventually deteriorate, so they were periodically destroyed, leveled, and rebuilt on the same spot. About the race of sumerians, an assyriologist V.V.Emelyanov says that they belong to the mediterranean race of a big aucasian race, and that they were swarthy In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. [51] Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup of dissolved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely. Sumerian Your email address will not be published. Konfirst wanted to see if a drought that spanned about 200 years may have caused the decline. Ancient Mesopotamia [105], The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. Anu ziggurat and White Temple at Uruk. Sumerian written history reaches back to the 27th century BC and before, but the historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic III period, c. 23rd century BC, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions. Mirroring the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposits its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly resulted in the creation of Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" (or axle), and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial type that conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, [77] Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. Some are surprisingly familiar. The Sumerians adopted an agricultural lifestyle perhaps as early as c. 50004500 BC. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford. "Sumeria" redirects here. The finding of resin in the tomb of Queen Puabi at Ur, indicates it was traded from as far away as Mozambique. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style.[79]. Relatively simple axes, saws, shovels, and picks made of stone and bronze were used regularly as part of a slaves work. 77 The mortals were indeed the Sumerians, a non-Semitic racial type that conquered southern Babylonia, and the deities were Semitic, taken over by the newly arrived Sumerians from the indigenous Semites. [65]:151. [96][97], Several Indus seals with Harappan script have also been found in Mesopotamia, particularly in Ur, Babylon and Kish. A group of Semitic people called the Akkadians settled north of Sumer along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Indeed, could it be that the Sumerians are in some sense an invention of modern scholarship, a homogenizing concept rooted in attempts to essentialize and classify population groups based on language? General location on a modern map, and main cities of Sumer with ancient coastline. The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare between their cities, but the mudbrick walls were able to deter some foes. "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". But is this picture correct? The cart was composed of a woven basket and the wheels had a solid three-piece design. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes in training. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. 3500 and c. 3000 BC. After around 2000 B.C., ancient Sumerian gradually died off as a spoken language in the region. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieroi gamoi or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings, the gods. Since Sumerian writing emerged c. 3200 BC. What was the race of the Sumerians? Were they African The Sumerians had three main types of boats: Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid-4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The independent Amorite states of the 20th to 18th centuries are summarized as the "Dynasty of Isin" in the Sumerian king list, ending with the rise of Babylonia under Hammurabi c. 1800 BC. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a substratum or adstratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. Lyres and flutes were played, among the best-known examples being the Lyres of Ur. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 24002350 BC. The Sumerians called themselves the black headed people and their land, in cuneiform script, was simply the land or the land of the black headed peopleand, in the biblical Book of Genesis, Sumer is known as Shinar. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The resultant hills, known as tells, are found throughout the ancient Near East. After Mesopotamia was occupied by the Amorites and Babylonians in the early second millennium B.C., the Sumerians gradually lost their cultural identity and ceased to exist as a political force. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur III, reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. The obligations, loans and prices in general were usually denominated in one of them. The black headed people that built the first In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. The ancient name of this language was controversial until 1889 when a bilingual cuneiform text noted that the term, 2023 Call for Member-Organized Sessions and Workshops, ASOR-AFFILIATED RESEARCH CENTERS FELLOWSHIPS, The Sumerian King List or the History of Kingship in Early Mesopotamia, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. [61] Neither Sumerian nor Akkadian had a word exactly corresponding to the English word 'virginity', and the concept was expressed descriptively, for example as a/-nu-gi4-a (Sum. 11., 1939), Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), "The Harps that Once; Sumerian Poetry in Translation" and "Treasures of Darkness: a history of Mesopotamian Religion", George, Andrew (Translator) (2003), "The Epic of Gilgamesh" (Penguin Classics). [93] Various inscriptions also mention the presence of Meluhha traders and interpreters in Mesopotamia. [34], Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. The coastline was nearly reaching Ur in ancient times. The potters used a bow drill to produce the fire needed for baking the pottery. Sumerians harvested during the spring in three-person teams consisting of a reaper, a binder, and a sheaf handler. It was laid out on several clay tablets and is thought to be the earliest known surviving example of fictional literature. What race were Sumerians? All knowledge of their history, language and technologyeven their namewas eventually forgotten. Most historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a West Asianpeople who They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. [93] In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique of acid-etching developed by the Harappans. It is possible that the majority of people living here had spoken Sumerian but it may have become an increasingly bi-lingual world in which people moved between Sumerian and Akkadian according to social and religious demands and expectations. WebOthers have suggested that the Sumerians were a North African people who migrated from the Green Sahara into the Middle East and were responsible for the spread of farming in For example, Imports to Ur came from many parts of the world. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language families. The Uruk period is a continuation and an outgrowth of Ubaid with pottery being the main visible change. The Eastern Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC,[48] preserved in later king lists. All knowledge of their history, language and technologyeven their namewas eventually forgotten. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. "[56], The Sumerians were one of the first known beer-drinking societies. Eye idols from Tell Brak, Syria, about 3600 BC. [86] The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. Some of the most famous masterpieces are the Lyres of Ur, which are considered to be the world's oldest surviving stringed instruments. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. WebThe Sumerians and Mesopotamia. The Sumerians progressively lost control to Semitic states from the northwest. The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms that supported temples. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. [1][2][3][4] For example, the Sumerian king Shulgi described himself as "the king of the four quarters, the pastor of the black-headed people". Affinities exist between Nubia ware and pottery from Ennedi and Tibesti. [25][26][27], A prehistoric people who lived in the region before the Sumerians have been termed the "Proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians",[28] and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia. After the Gutian period, the Ur III kingdom similarly united parts of northern and southern Mesopotamia. At a basic level, the Sumerians can be defined by their language, which is recognisable in cuneiform texts dating from around 2800 BCE to the early centuries CE. They have been discovered by Leonard Woolley when the Royal Cemetery of Ur has been excavated between from 1922 and 1934. (Both Enmerkar and Gilgamesh are credited with having built the walls of Uruk.)[47]. WebIt demonstrates that Sumerian was genetically related to the Niger-Congo languages of West Africa. ", The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, "Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation", "Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia", "Chapter 3: Sex in Ancient Civilizations", Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9106-2, "The Role of shell in Mesopotamia: evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley", "Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208", "Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228", "History of Constellation and Star Names", Ancient Sumer History The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium, ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Iraq Region, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumer&oldid=1142050435, States and territories established in the 4th millennium BC, States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC, States and territories disestablished in the 20th century BC, Populated places established in the 6th millennium BC, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2022, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2022, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2022, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing Sumerian-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text, Articles containing Hittite-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Early Dynastic IIIb period: c. 25002334 BC, "Pottery was very plentiful, and the forms of the vases, bowls and dishes were manifold; there were special jars for honey, butter, oil and wine, which was probably made from dates.
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