The only one to fit the bill is James, the brother of the Lord. . Textual emendation theories must always be regarded with suspicion anyway, but when the external evidence is good (early and solid) and when there is another, reasonable explanation, conjecture must give way to hard data. In passing, we can note that if this is true also of OT works, then the book of Daniel has some internal weight for authenticity, for the only other reference to Daniel in the OT is in Ezekiel, and even there the name is spelled differently. As Edward Pentecost writes, "If Jude quoted the apocryphal book, he was affirming only the truth of that prophecy and not endorsing the book in its entirety." Book of Enoch Like Jude, Peter taught, "God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment" (2 Peter 2:4). Let's dispose of the Book of Enoch first of all. 16By apostolic age we mean the time up until Peter and Paul died (c. 64 CE), rather than up until the death of all the apostles, for we believe that John probably lived into the 90s CE. This is based on the fact that (a) his brother James wrote to Jewish Christians; (b) most of the apostles apparently worked among Jewish Christians, with Peter being the main apostle to the circumcision; (c) in our reconstruction, this epistle is written to one (or more) of Pauls churches, yet it is written precisely because Jude wants to show the common elements (v 3) in their faith; (d) the utterly Jewish nature of the epistle, in spite of its good Greek, also argues this. 5. Generally it falls into three categories: 2 Peter borrowed from Jude. A passage quite similar to this is found in the apocryphal Book of Enoch. As we have argued in our discussion of 2 Peter, your apostles probably refers to Paul and his associates. Although Jude quotes from an apocryphal source, he imparts a more complete meaning to the prophecy. make a strong case for) seems to unite Jew and Gentile. Third, Jude probably cites Enoch, because his enemies were using this book. It is our contention that they were primarily Gentile Christians and that they lived in Ephesus. Since these verses are not part of the common material, and yet are the crescendo to which the epistle is building, this argument cannot be given much weight. If you put it into the context of Pythagoras philosophy, that the ultimate reality is number,thenit is false because Pythagoras philosophy is false. To make matters worse, he does not identify himself as Jude, the brother of the Lord. Such a designation would at least elevate Jude by virtue of his relation to Jesus. I was wondering what you thought about this reference to the book of Enoch. Lit., in or among holy myriads. I was being examined in knowledge of Scripture. Further, Jude also wanted to make sure that the church would stay grounded in the apostles teaching (our common faith). The number seven is a significant number to the Jews, there was sacredness in the number seven. Though it is of course conceivable that Jude lived much longer than that (our external evidence is almost nil), the 70s CE is a fairly reasonable. 17:1-8; Lk. 1. But if there are good reasons for the authenticity of 2 Peter (as we believe we have demonstrated), then the question of priority resurfaces. . 21:14), the Book of Jasher (Josh. and Jude speaks of them as having recently infiltrated the church. In its behalf is the probability that Jude did not live much past 70 CE. The Jews obviously had canonical books (which were inspired), and they had historical books (which were uninspired). See Psalm 68:17; Deuteronomy 33:2. Some amount of time must be allowed for both the invasion of the false teachers after Peter wrote his epistle and for Jude to have learned about it. Finally, it is our tentative vie that this epistle was sent to a Gentile church on the coast of Asia Minor.28 Ephesus is the most likely candidate. For example, concerning the Synoptic problem, virtually all scholars would agree that Luke at least used one of the other Gospels. Jude 1:14, NLT: Enoch, who lived in the seventh generation after Adam, prophesied about these people. 4 And God saw the light, . It is really only as time progressed that doubts about its authenticity/canonicity became articulated, principally because of the use of apocryphal material in this little work. Judes mastery of Greek is more related to his vocabulary than his syntax. It is our intention first to establish Asia Minor as the general destination, then Ephesus as the specific destination. Related Topics: Introductions, Arguments, Outlines, Daniel B. Wallace has taught Greek and New Testament courses on a graduate school level since 1979. In Acts 26:14, of Saul of Tarsus; "hard to kick against the pricks.". at length for a particular occasion for this epistle (especially under date and destination), a summary will be given here. In the least, this suggests that there must have been good lines of communication between his locale and that of the church. Two comments should be made about these nautical illustrations: (1) Although it is possible to find Jewish parallels/sources for the second and third, they are not very convincing. However, these books still contained some truth. The text reads that Enoch "walked with God: and he was no more; for God took him" (Gen 5:21-24), which is interpreted . Prophesied of these - Uttered prophecies applicable to these men, or respecting just such men as these. Judes argument does not hang on these apocryphal passages; instead, we could back up everything that is written elsewhere in the OT. There is, indeed, now an apocryphal writing called "the Book of Enoch," containing a prediction strongly resembling this, but there is no certain proof that it existed so early as the time of Jude, nor, if it did, is it absolutely certain that he quoted from it. Prophecy regards the future as certain as if it were past. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; The specific destination of this epistle has been up for grabs among scholars. Another view, of course, is that Jude believed that 1 Enoch was inspired and that his quotation of 1 Enoch, by implication, is evidence that 1 Enoch is an authoritatively inspired book. In sum, these considerations argue that Jude wanted to write very soon after Peter died, but did not accomplish the task until false teachers had infiltrated the church and after the Jewish War began. Some have suggested that, in Jude 1 is an interpolation; hence, Jude [the son] of James. Against this is the total lack of textual support. Further, we may be sure that the excerpt from Enoch's prophecy referred to by Jude is correct, for the Holy Spirit inspired Jude to write what he did. This is the first metaphor Jude uses to describe the false teachers. This would be particularly appropriate, soon after Peters death, for there would still be a perception that Pauls churches might defect (or in the least that they needed special encouragement). 66:15-16). The passage as found in "the Book of Enoch" is in these words: "Behold he comes with ten thousand of his saints, to execute judgment upon them, and destroy the wicked, and reprove all the carnal, for everything which the sinful and ungodly have done and committed against him," chapter ii. There are really only two problems (of any substance) with this identification. Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying, Behold, the Lord came with ten thousands of his holy ones ." (v. 14). These heretics who now threatened them were antinomian, abusing Gods grace (4). We believe that he is moving in the right direction, but many more arguments can be given. 29See Bauckham, 141-42, for a discussion of other possible literary relationships (e.g., both are dependent on a common source, both are by the same author, etc.). http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/enoch/ENOCH_1.HTM You will have to decide for yourself, but I find the story of the angels having children with women to be mythical. There is one further argument often employed for priority of Jude: Why would Jude even bother to write his epistle if the bulk of it were already contained in 2 Peter? Although these statements would normally indicate a time much later than the age of the apostles, if Jude knew of their deaths, and if he wanted to make sure his audience knew that Peter and Paul were united in their doctrine, such language would be especially appropriate. 66 CE, therefore, seems to be the most probable date. ((k) Targum Jon. The first is Jude the apostle, son of James (Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13). var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; If so, one of two texts needs to be reread: Either Jude 1 should be changed or Luke 6:16/Acts 1:13 should be reinterpreted. Sixth, since this is a letter, Jude was not in the place where the letter was sent. It should be noted, in passing, that Jude did not become part of the Syrian canon until the sixth centurya fact which should help us at least to eliminate one possibility for its destination. If his enemies were citing 1 Enoch, Jude may be using their own book against them. (At this stage one might wonder whether we have done that all along for Jude; but once again, we insist that we are merely coming to rather tentative conclusions and are trying to grapple with all the data in the process. If so, and if John took up residence there (c. 65 CE), then Jude more than likely did not know that John was there, otherwise he would feel no need to write this letter. Such restraint would especially be appropriate if one were writing to Gentiles. [1] Emphasis his. The reason for this would most naturally be that the present false teachers only. Jude began to write to these believers something of a treatise on soteriology, probably as a reminder that the gospel as they learned it from Paul was the true gospelhence, our common salvation (3). "Jude cited extrabiblical sources to indict the very pride of his opponents using them.". If this were the case, what period in nascent Christianity would best fit such a characterization? Second, v 3 mentions our common salvation, an expression which (as we argued earlier and as Chase, Mayor, et al. 1. You can find all three on our precious metals page. "Behold the Lord Comes!" Now, we have touched on how Jude set the tone for this book he wrote, by defining those who have outright rebelled against God, while fully "knowing better", as "Ungodly Men". Judes words about the coming judgment of God can be taken from canonical OT books. Purpose of Writing: The Book of Jude is an important book for us today because it is written for the end times, for the end of the church age. Fifth, Jude was an itinerant preacher (1 Cor 9:5), which at least indicated that he traveled beyond Jerusalem. 66 CE, therefore, seems to be the most probable date. Similarly, James refers to himself merely as the servant of the Lord (Jas 1:1). But then, to give his admonitions and warnings some real "punch", Jude refers to . Enoch prophesied in a time similar to the time Jude wrote his epistle and our time. Two arguments are used for this date: (1) references in Jude (vv 3, 17) which seem to indicate that the apostolic age had now passed, and (2) the identification of the false teachers with Gnosticism. Ungodly () - ungodly deeds ( , lit., works of ungodliness) which they have ungodly committed (), and of all their hard speeches which ungodly () sinners, etc. Repent and believe the gospel of Christ! If this epistle is picking up the ball (so to speak) where Peter left off23that is, if it is attempting to make sure Pauls churches knew they were not abandonedJude would be quite eager to emphasize the common elements between Pauls Christianity and that of the other apostles. Further, Enoch was a prophet of God. But we must not let the tail wag the dog: the evidence for a Gentile destination is quite solid on other grounds. in Luke 6:16/Acts 1:13 as Jude [the brother] of James rather than Jude [the son] of James. Not only is this a rather unusual reading of the genitive of relationship (which almost always indicates paternity), but the fa. var addy_text3d25f1b5191e44f87f82ea669976aad4 = 'Classical Committee';document.getElementById('cloak3d25f1b5191e44f87f82ea669976aad4').innerHTML += ''+addy_text3d25f1b5191e44f87f82ea669976aad4+'<\/a>'; This would be like a Christian apologist citing an atheistic author in a debate against an atheist. Jude links vv 3-4 with 5-7 by pointing out that this kind of false teacher was not new; his character was exposed and condemned in the OT. " 21 Enoch lived sixty-five years, and became the father of Methuselah. They are totally different men. This first consideration we will take up in the next section since it does not at all presuppose a date in the second century, only that the apostles had died. Finally, they are wandering stars, which suggests that they are unreliable guides. We have argued that 2 Peters readers were in Asia Minor. With ten thousands of his saints ( ). In the absence of cosmological dualism, it is misleading even to call their teaching incipient Gnosticism. If [Judes] polemic is really aimed against Gnosticism it is singularly inept.. Jude 14 And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied . There is a great deal of truth in thisand it is not insignificant that such a view well fits into a date within the lifetime of Jude, though after Paul and Peter had died. We have seen this pattern before, in 1 Peter. Those who do not believe that it is a quotation from The Book of Enoch prefer to refer it to oral tradition. The Cross And The Flesh (Gal. The answer is that there two phases to the Lord's return. Enoch claimed his books were for the . At the same time, Jude probably did his work among. The epistle concludes with a doxology with the emphasis on Gods perseverance once again, displaying Judes confidence that God is able to keep you from falling (24-25). At the same time, Jude probably did his work among Jewish Christians. One suspects that presuppositions are driving too much of scholarship when questions of authenticity are at stake. Jude pulls no punches, in his descriptions, and in his denunciation of those false prophets, and ungodly men. 2. But once again, a much stronger case could be made for the reverse. 1. fol. Tertullian comments on its use of 1 Enoch, Origen speaks of the doubts of some, Didymus the Blind defended its authenticity, and Eusebius classified it with the. In a sense, he is saying, Even my opponents would agree with these statements about Satans power (v.9) and the judgment of God (v.14). J.D. From Quiz: Hey, Jude. 47It should be noted further that all three of the nautical analogies fit better with the Mediterranean Sea than with an inland body of water (such as the Sea of Galilee). Since we have argued passim at length for a particular occasion for this epistle (especially under date and destination), a summary will be given here. The common representation in the Scriptures is, that he would come attended by the angels Matthew 25:31, and there is doubtless allusion here to such beings. This possibility would be in keeping with the better lines of communication between Rome and Ephesus than between Rome and Jerusalem (especially since war was imminent in 65 CE). Enoch was the first prophet and describes Jesus Christ at his second coming as 365. What this suggests is that Jude may well have spent most of his time in Palestine, or perhaps among the diaspora Jewish Christians. They attempt to break down the Church Body. It is our intention first to establish Asia Minor as the general destination, then Ephesus as the specific destination. Let us remember that the same HolySpiritwho inspired the prophecy of judgment on the wicked in the pre-flood days, is the same Holy Spirit who inspired Jude to write his epistle. For instance, in Jude 1:9, the letter condemns the author's opponents for their arrogance and haughtiness and claims that they fail to grasp that humility always characterizes God's servants. On the analogy of Markan priority. To use a terrible analogy, everyone knows about the Lord of the Rings. The problem with this literary argument is precisely that where one would expect to find analogies, he finds them for the opposite conclusion. Here is the section of The book of Enoch "Jude" quotes from (Or vise-versa). Thus, the very self-identification which opens this epistle not only indicates humility on Judes part, but also speaks of authenticity. Not much time is needed, however, for Jude seems to indicate that this is a very recent development.25. The Lord comes with tens of thousands of his holy ones. Concerning the second argument, Bauckham points out that they cannot be called Gnostics. This is seen in the apocalyptic imagery, as well as in specific utterances. Another view, of course, is that Jude believed that 1 Enoch was inspired and that his quotation of 1 Enoch, by implication, is evidence that 1 Enoch is an authoritatively inspired book. RESPONSE: A number of points can be made. for Gentilic entrance into a covenant relationship with Israels God was now, for the first time, not based on proselytization (in which circumcision would be required), but simply faith. Perhaps this is because Jude cites a portion of the Book of Enoch the Spirit confirms as genuine, tightening up the language from its non-inspired source. This rendering is based on the assumption that = (cf. In Jude verse 9, Jude referred to wicked *angels. I was undergoing that very frightening event in my life called the classical exam. I had graduated from seminary; I had passed my three full days of oral exams before the synod; I had received and accepted a call, and now was the final and decisive exam, which would determine whether the churches considered me fit for the ministry of the Word. Though this is disputed today by many scholars, no good explanation is given why a Jewish Christian, writing to Jewish Christians, would speak of their common salvation.. Jude originally intended to write to the church at Ephesus to encourage the saints there to continue in the faith. Does that mean that even God's children who are alive when the Lord comes will be judged "with flaming fire" as Enoch predicts? Further, we may be sure that the excerpt from Enochs prophecy referred to by Jude is correct, for the Holy Spirit inspired Jude to write what he did. In view of Judes good command of Greek vocabulary it is not likely that he simply confused the two words (Bauckham, 85). The book that is traditionally intended when referring to "the Book of Enoch" is the Ethiopian 1 . The imagery is that of danger lurking beneath the surface, able to sink ships which are presumed to be in safe waters. 5Bauckham, 21. The eschatological urgency is also seen in v 18 (for Jude says that the last time is taking place right now) and v 21 (wait for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ). When we think of the Lord's return remember the 2 "R's" - first, there is the Rapture and, second, there is the Revelation. Is this endorsing an apocryphal writing? The editor to Calvins commentary adds that this is the most common opinion, before continuing, There is no evidence of such a book being known for some time after this epistle was written; and the book so called was probably a forgery, occasioned by this reference to Enochs prophecy. H. C.Thiessenagrees (Introduction to the New Testament [Grand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans, 1954], p. 294). His Advent. (referring to a passage in the apocryphal Enoch 1:6-8) and in Jude 9 (referring to a Jewish . 11:49-53). Enoch was a well-known book in the first century. For example, concerning the Synoptic problem, virtually all scholars would agree that Luke at least used one of the other Gospels. To answer this question in every detail would require pages, but in . (1 Enoch 1:9) Behold, [God] shall arrive with ten million of the holy ones in order to execute judgment upon all. 8Cf. Is the example of Paul quoting pagan authors a good analogy? Enoch was a prophet of God and spoke His Word. It's Satan somehow deceiving the world through false "signs and wonders".----If you read this article on WorldNetDaily, and you want to have interest in Enoch and his prophecy, I would simply refer to what the Bible says about Enoch's prophecy in Jude 1:14-15 and ignore the publicity about the ancient "Book of Enoch". It comes from a book called The Assumption of Moses which was familiar to the readers of the first century. If he used Mark, as most scholars believe, it is significant that not only does Luke clean up the grammar of Mark, but he also has his own tightly woven structure.31 This is precisely what we see in the relation between 2 Peter and Jude: not only is the Greek better in Jude,32 but the structure is tighter. It is interesting that Jude does not make sure that the recipients know he is the brother of Jesus to give himself credibility. This book was discovered in an AEthiopic version, and was published with a translation by Dr. Laurence of Oxford, in 1821, and republished in 1832. But they explained that the kingdom for which they were awaiting was eschatological and heavenly in nature, not political and earthly. 17E.g., Bauckham (13): The tendency of modern scholars to prefer a date at the end of the first century or the beginning of the second has resulted not only from the early Catholic reading of v 3 and the gnostic interpretation of the false teachers, but also from the usual interpretation of v 17, in which Jude is thought to be looking back on the apostolic age as an era now past. Exhortations of Enoch to Methuselah and his descendants. We don't want to confuse Enoch with Enoch in Genesis 4:17, who was the son of Cain. Enoch was used of God as the prophet of the PRE-FLOOD days. The three main dates proposed for Jude are: (1) sometime during the apostolic age (c. 50s-60s), (2) the latter part of the first century, and (3) the first half (usually the first two decades) of the second century. "and enoch also, the seventh from adam, prophesied of these, saying, behold, the lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, to execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him" ( Jude opens his letter by greeting his audience with three indicatives of the faith: they have been called, loved, and kept (1). The non-believing Caiaphas makes a correct prediction about Christs death (Jn. 15For fuller discussion, see that section. It was probably written in Hebrew. Jude 1:14-15. They are waterless clouds who promise satisfaction of ones spiritual thirst, but in reality are barren. "In the seventh generation from Adam" this clarifies which Enoch Jude is talking about. What is missing from their teaching is the cosmological dualism of true Gnosticism . 1. What one decides about these questions has a direct bearing on the date of this epistle. What one decides about these questions has a direct bearing on the date of this epistle. There are possible allusions to it in Clement of Rome, Shepherd of Hermas, Barnabas, and Didache, and probable allusions in Polycarp. 170. 25This is seen plainly in the shift in his purpose for writing (v 3). Third, most scholars recognize some literary points of contact with Paul, though they do not give any reason for such (note especially the verbiage in vv 1-2, 20, 25).42 We have seen this pattern before, in 1 Peter. In spite of its brevity, Jude has fairly decent attestation in patristic literature. (2) Hegesippus11 relates how Judes grandsons were brought before Domitian because they were suspected of attempting to overthrow the Roman government. 22:28)! This is seen in the apocalyptic imagery, as well as in specific utterances. We know he was righteous all his days 2,3, but now we know he was also a prophet of God (or spokesman for God, or speaking God's literal words). Jude borrowed from 2 Peter. Thus, although presupposition may be on Bauckhams side (though this is doubtful), real evidence is decidedly against him. NIV Application Commentary. Consequently, this cannot be considered a decisive argument against authenticity. In v 13 he speaks of wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame, a vivid picture of the filth that they bring with them. Consequently, if Asia Minor is the destination, the most strategic church here would be the one in Ephesus. Since they spoke to you, the readers are largely the same as that for 2 Peter. A false teacher would only show himself to be a fool if he were to deny the second advent while this great war was taking place. (2) Verse 18a does indicate, taken at face value, that Jude cannot have written long after the death of the apostles, for the apostles wrote to you. This implies that many, if not most, of the original converts are still alive. The false teachers Jude is dealing with act in the very same way (8). 11:51). That this objective was not entirely snuffed out due to the more pressing concern of the false teachers is apparent from his benediction (vv 24-25). Why would Jude write to this audience if the apostles were still around to minister to them?22. The Greek text of Jude says the "Lord" is performing a past event while Enoch a) does not refer to the Lord and b) refers to a future action. Both Jude and the author of that book may have quoted a common tradition of their time, for there can be no doubt that the passage referred to was handed down by tradition. 14 enoch, the seventh from adam, also prophesied about them: "behold, the lord is coming with myriads of his holy ones 15 to execute judgment on everyone, and to convict all the ungodly of every ungodly act of Characteristics of the ungodly. And, at this point I am sufficiently old to announce publicly that I am still of the position that I was right and my questioner wrong. Maybe it could also refer to the seven wandering stars. Charles, Judes Use of Pseudepigraphical Source-Material as Part of a Literary Strategy. New Testament Studies 37: 144. Normally a date of c. 70-80 CE is most common. Jude is quoting the Syria is in all probability not correct simply because this epistle was not accepted into the Syriac canon until the sixth century.
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