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loss of prestress in post tensioned members

Fill. Inspection of bolt installation for pretensioning is permitted to be performed on a periodic basis when using the turn-of-nut method with matchmarking techniques, the direct tension indicator method or the alternate design fastener (twist-off bolt) method. Also cast-in-place, drilled-hole piles. 48331-3439 USA COUPLING SLEEVENon-threaded device fitting over the ends of two reinforcing bars for the eventual purpose of providing transfer of either axial compression or axial tension or both from one bar to the other. Y Post-Tensioning. MONOLITHICConcrete cast in one operation. The grout pressure shall be controlled to prevent excessive heave in soils or fracturing rock formations. l. Application and measurement of prestressing force. Nonprestressed reinforcement in tension. Shop lifts are units of reinforcing bars loaded for shipment to the jobsite. the pre-tensioned and the post-tensioned methods of prestressed concrete excep t where specifical ly 7.2.5.2 The relative position of wires in a cable, whether mentioned otherwise. The quality and design of materials used structurally in excavations and foundations shall comply with the requirements specified in Chapters 16, 19, 21, 22 and 23. d. Verify that punched holes and sheared or flame cut edges of material in members are clean and free from notches and burred edges. PARAPETExtension of the main walls above the roof level, for architectural appearance. Jan 2020. BREAK (A SPIRAL)Opening a spiral to the round shape and forcing it toward the opposite direction that it was folded (collapsed) so that it will remain circular for placing. Details such as bracing and stiffening. Inspect anchors post-installed in hardened, a. Adhesive anchors installed in horizontally or upwardly inclined orientations to resist sustained tension. A post-tensioned simply supported beam of 300 mm wide x 600 mm depth spans over 10 m and carries a live load of 7 kN/m. Casing or other methods shall be used where necessary to prevent loss of ground and collapse of the hole. SUPERINTENDENTGeneral Contractors representative at the jobsite who is responsible for continuous field supervision, coordination, and completion of the Work. ACI Structural Journal. Soil compaction shall be sufficient to mitigate potential for liquefaction as described in California Geological Survey (CGS) Special Publication 117A (SP-117A): Guidelines for Evaluating and Mitigating Seismic Hazard in California. SCALEReduction of size to which drawings are made (as 1/8 inch = 1 foot). Soil downdrag and reduction in axial and lateral soil reaction for pile foundations. Issue 3: (March 2006). COLUMN SCHEDULETable on a placing drawing giving the mark number and size for the column, number of pieces and size of vertical bars, ties or spirals and any bar mark numbers required. Field test method for determining the in-place dry density of the compacted fill. The thickness shall comply with the requirements of Table 1807.1.6.2. Thickness measurements shall be selected from a square area, 12 inches by 12 inches (305 mm by 305 mm) in size. 4 gage). Examples include Placing Drawings and Structural Drawings. SPIRAL SPACERSUsually made of channels or angles, punched to form hooks, which are bent over the coiled spiral to maintain it to a definite pitch. Where the pile length exceeds 35 feet (10 668 mm), the ductile pile region shall be taken as the greater of 35 feet (10 668 mm) or the distance from the underside of the pile cap to the point of zero curvature plus three times the least pile dimension. 18.9Minimum bonded reinforcement . Installation of required signage and safety instructions; Electrical components are installed and electrical. Projects provide a dedicated space to collaborate on code research. j. C19.3.3 Serviceability limit state requirements flexural members. C19.3.9 Redistribution of design moments for ultimate limit state. BEAM BOLSTER UPPERContinuous bar support for the upper layer of bottom reinforcing bars in beams and top reinforcing bars in bridge deck slabs. Specifications for material to be used as compacted fill. The procedure used to establish the final ground level adjacent to the foundation shall account for additional settlement of the backfill. STRUCTURAL DRAWINGSDrawings which show all framing plans, sections, details and elevations required to construct the structure. a. The shoring design engineer shall specify design. instructions to enable JavaScript in your web browser, Surface Transportation 5-Year Reauthorization, Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) Reauthorization, Automatic Coil Bender Safe Work Procedure, Trailer Fall Protection General Safety Awareness, Hydraulic Shear Safe Operating Procedure, Detailer Training Program (Fabricator Member). Each city, county, or city and county shall enact an ordinance which requires a preliminary soil report, prepared by a civil engineer who is registered by the state. For example: A #5 [#16] bar is approximately 5/8 inch [16 millimeters] in diameter: a #9 [#29] bar is approximately 9/8 inches [29 millimeters] in diameter. C19.3.4 Loss of prestress in tendons. See REINFORCEMENT. If post-grouting is required, post-grouting operation shall be performed after initial grout has set for 24 hours in the bond length only. The loss of prestressing force due to anchorage slip appears in the prestressed concrete structure where the post-tensioning method was applied. Jan 2020. YIELD STRENGTHThe load limit to which reinforcing steel will stretch and return to its original length. Linked Resources including Building Bulletins and TPPNs are integrated directly into the relevant code sections. Where machinery operations or other vibrations are transmitted through the foundation, consideration shall be given in the foundation design to prevent detrimental disturbances of the soil. Alberto Ramirez Garcia. Inside front cover Foreword v Section 1. Pre-Tensioning. O C19.3.10 Slab systems. Capture and share code knowledge within your team and company. Would you mind emailing your message to support@up.codes instead? When it comes to code compliance, we're here to help. Axial load on pile, pounds (kN), as determined from Equations 16-5 and 16-7. ONE-WAY SLABS-A slab which presumably bends in only one direction. Members and parts shall not be stretched, bent, or otherwise distorted unless such forming is in the integral part of the design. MATA large footing or foundation slab used to support an entire structure. OSHPD adopts this chapter and all amendments. Names of personnel who performed each inspection. CHOKERA sling hitch that is self-tightening. Notice: A spiral-welded metal casing of a thickness not less than manufacturer's standard No. Footings supporting roof only shall be as required for supporting one floor. Construction of government infrastructure facilities of the highest quality has always been the primary mandate of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). There is no minimum diameter for steel pipes or tubes used in, For mandrel-driven pipes or tubes, the minimum, The axial and shear forces and moments from the seismic, At not more than 1 inch (25 mm) for the first five ties or spirals at each end; then, At not more than 4 inches (102 mm), for the remainder of the first 2 feet (610 mm) from each end; and then. the pre-tensioned and the post-tensioned methods of prestressed concrete excep t where specifical ly 7.2.5.2 The relative position of wires in a cable, whether mentioned otherwise. Also referred to as lap. 1. You can edit, iterate, and, Chapter 3 Use and Occupancy Classification, Chapter 4 Special Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy, Chapter 5 General Building Heights and Areas; Separation of Occupancies, Chapter 7 Fire and Smoke Protection Features, Chapter 15 Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures, 1704 Responsibilities for Special Inspections and Tests, 1704.1.1.1 Responsibilities of the Registered Design Professional of Record, 1704.1.1.2 Responsibilities of the Special Inspection Agency, 1704.1.1.3 Responsibilities of the Permit Holder, 1704.2.1 Fabrication and Implementation Procedures, 1704.2.2.1 Certificate of Intent to Fabricate, 1704.2.2.2 Fabricator's Certificate of Compliance, 1705 Required Special Inspections and Tests, 1705.2.4 Special Inspection for Seismic Resistance, 1705.2.4.1 Seismic Force-Resisting Systems, 1705.2.5 Testing for Seismic Resistance of Structural Steel, 1705.2.5.1 Seismic Force-Resisting Systems, 1705.2.7 Open-Web Steel Joists and Joist Girders, 1705.4.1 Empirically Designed Masonry, Glass Unit Masonry and Masonry Veneer in Buildings in Risk Category IV, 1705.4.2 Masonry in Buildings Three Stories or Less in Height in Risk Categories I, II, or III, 1705.4.3 Masonry in Buildings Greater Than Three Stories in Height, and Engineered Masonry in Risk Category IV, 1705.5.2 Metal-Plate-Connected Wood Trusses, 1705.5.2.2 Metal-Plate-Connected Wood Trusses Spanning 60 Feet or Greater, 1705.5.4 Other Structural Wood Construction, 1705.5.5 Special Inspection for Seismic Resistance, 1705.7.1 Driven and Vibrated Deep Foundation Elements, 1705.7.2 Drilled Deep Foundation Elements, 1705.7.3 Cast-in-Place Deep Foundation Elements, 1705.7.5 Submittal of Records of Special Inspections, 1705.8 Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors Installation and Testing and Grout Inspection, 1705.8.1 Prestressed Rock and Soil Anchors, 1705.8.1.1 Records of Anchor Element Installation, 1705.8.1.2 Records of Testing of Anchor Elements, 1705.12 Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance, 1705.12.3 Plumbing, Mechanical, Fuel Gas, and Electrical Components, 1705.14.2 Structural Member Surface Conditions, 1705.14.4.2 Floor, Roof and Wall Assemblies, 1705.14.4.5.4 Hollow Structural Section and Pipe Columns, 1705.14.6.1 Floor, Roof and Wall Assemblies, 1705.14.6.3 Primer, Paint and Encapsulant Bond Tests, 1705.14.7 Inspection of Existing Sprayed Fire-Resistant Materials During Alterations in Office Spaces and Spaces Classified in Occupancy Group B, 1705.15 Mastic and Intumescent Fire-Resistant Coatings, 1705.16 Combustible Exterior Wall Coverings, 1705.16.2 Water-Resistive Barrier Coating, 1705.17 Fire-Resistant Penetrations and Joints, 1705.19 Vertical Masonry Foundation Elements, 1705.20 Wall Panels, Curtain Walls and Veneers, 1705.20.1 Design and Installation Documents, 1705.21 Special Inspection for Mechanical Systems, 1705.21.3 Special Inspection of Mechanical Systems, 1705.22 Special Inspection for Fuel Storage and Fuel-Piping Systems, 1705.23 High-Pressure-Steam Piping and High Temperature Hot Water Piping, 1705.23.3 Testing of High-Pressure-Steam Systems and High Temperature Hot Water Piping Systems, 1705.24.3 Testing of High-Pressure-Gas Piping, 1705.25.1 Alterations to Existing Structures, 1705.25.2 Construction Operations Influencing Adjacent Structures, 1705.25.4 Underpinning and Alternate Methods of Support of Buildings and Adjacent Property, 1705.25.5.1 Mechanical Means and Methods of Demolition, 1705.25.6 Raising and Moving of a Building, 1705.25.8.1.1 Additional Monitoring Requirements for Demolition, 1705.25.8.2 Additional Requirements for Design Documents for Demolition, 1705.25.8.3 Additional Requirements for Design Documents for Underpinning and Alternate Methods of Support of Buildings and Adjacent Property, 1705.25.8.4 Additional Requirements for Design Documents for Protection of the Sides of Excavations and Blasting, 1705.25.9 Inspection During Construction Operations, 1705.25.10 Records of Special Inspections, 1705.26 Tenant Protection Plan Compliance, 1705.27 Private On-Site Storm Water Disposal Systems and Detention Facilities, 1705.27.1 Subsurface Investigation Special Inspection, 1705.27.2 Installation Special Inspection, 1705.28 Individual On-Site Private Sewage Disposal Systems, 1705.29 Sprinkler System Special Inspection, 1705.30 Standpipe System Special Inspection, 1705.30.1.1 New Buildings Under Construction, 1705.30.1.2 Enlargements or Additions to Existing System, 1705.30.1.3 Removal of Stories, Including Full Demolitions, 1705.36 Emergency and Standby Power Systems (Generators), 1705.38 Special Inspection for Nonpotable Water Systems, 1705.38.1 Tests for Nonpotable Water Systems, 1705.38.2 Special Inspection of Nonpotable Water Systems, 1705.38.2.3 Inspection of Vermin and Insect Protection, 1705.39 Special Inspection for Exhaust and Vent Systems in Plenums and Ducts, 1708.3.2 Load Test Procedure Not Specified, 1709.3 Load Test Procedures Not Specified, 1709.5 Exterior Window and Door Assemblies, 1709.5.2 Exterior Windows and Door Assemblies Not Provided for in Section 1709.5.1, 1711.1 Test Standards for Joist Hangers and Connectors, 1711.1.1 Test Standards for Joist Hangers, 1711.1.2 Vertical Load Capacity for Joist Hangers, 1711.1.3 Torsional Moment Capacity for Joist Hangers, 1711.1.4 Design Value Modifications for Joist Hangers, Chapter 25 Gypsum Board, Gypsum Panel Products and Plaster, Chapter 30 Elevators and Conveying Systems, Chapter 32 Encroachments Into the Public Right-of-Way, Chapter 33 Safeguards During Construction or Demolition, Appendix E Supplementary Accessibility Requirements, Appendix K Modified Industry Standards for Elevators and Conveying Systems, Appendix M Supplementary Requirements for One- And Two-Family Dwellings, Appendix N Assistive Listening Systems Performance Standards, Appendix Q Modified National Standards for Automatic Sprinkler, Standpipe, Fire Pump, Fire Alarm, and Smoke Control Systems, Appendix R Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Panel Ceiling Suspension Systems, Appendix S Supplementary Figures for Luminous Egress Path Markings, Section 1704 Responsibilities for Special Inspections and Tests, Section 1705 Required Special Inspections and Tests, permanent prestressed rock and soil anchors, high-pressure decorative exterior-grade compact laminates, Section 1706 Design Strengths of Materials, AISC 360, Section A3.3; applicable ASTM material specifications; and RCSC Specification for Structural, AISC 360 Section M2.5; and RCSC Specification for Structural, 3. Specified size, grade and type of reinforcement. Two-thirds of the effective weight of the group and the soil contained within a block defined by the perimeter of the group and the length of the element, plus two-thirds of the ultimate shear resistance along the soil block. Wanna Phyo. C19.3.3 Serviceability limit state requirements flexural members. Minimum grout pressure for installation and post-grout pressure. WELDED SPLICESA means of joining two reinforcing bars by electric arc welding. ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication. ACI World Headquarters 38800 Country Club Dr. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3439 USA Phone: 1.248.848.3800 CODE-355.2-22: Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in ConcreteQualification Requirements and Commentary. (Error code: 273). Bars may be lapped, butted, or joined with splice plates or angles. Number and frequency of field tests required to determine compliance with Item 4. CONTACT SPLICEA means of splicing reinforcing bars by lap splicing in direct contact. Materials and systems required to be installed in accordance with manufacturer's instructions that prescribe additional requirements not contained in this code or in standards referenced by this code. Help unpack the code with documents from the DOB. 18.10Statically indeterminate structures. SLABFlat section of floor or roof either on the ground or supported by beams or walls. Preparation, placement, type, size and location of anchors, including other details of anchors, installed in hardened, a. Adhesive anchors installed horizontally or upwardly inclined orientations to resist sustained tension. SCREEDA template to guide finishers in leveling off the top of fresh concrete. The, No more than 10 percent of the thickness measurements of the, For design thicknesses 1 inch (25.4 mm) or greater, the minimum allowable individual thickness shall be the design thickness minus, The thickness of the sprayed fire-resistant material applied to floor, roof and, Thickness measurements shall be selected from a square. Save and quickly access sections most relevant to your project. 38800 Country Club Dr. The locations where CPT/SPT shall be performed. Where subject to uplift or where the required moment, Reinforcement where required shall be assembled and tied together and shall be placed in the. 18.6Loss of prestress . REINFORCEMENTSteel bars or wires embedded in concrete and located in such a manner that the steel and the concrete act together in resisting loads. 3.2. To use this Code Calculator, you'll need to add more information to Project Inputs. ACI 318 05 Building Code Requirements fo. Many journal en engineering field like prestressed concrete. View a consolidated view of relevant sections tailored to your project. C19.3.4 Loss of prestress in tendons. Please enter search criteria and search again. This specification is a Reference Specification that the Engineer or Architect can make applicable to any construction project by citing it in the Project Specifications. Once excavation has begun, the periodic readings shall be taken weekly until excavation reaches the estimated subgrade elevation and the, If performance of the shoring is within established guidelines, shoring design engineer may, Where the building has been designed to resist lateral earth pressures, the periodic monitoring of the soldier piles and adjacent structure can be discontinued once the, Additional readings shall be taken when requested by, Monitoring readings shall be submitted to shoring design engineer, engineer in responsible charge, and the, If the total cummulative horizontal or vertical movement (from, The contractor shall complete a written and photographic log of all existing OSHPD 1, 1R, 2, 4 & 5 structures within 100 feet or three times depth of shoring, prior to construction. Progress at the ground/grout interface and applicable factor of safety for ultimate bond stress for the shall. Terms frequently used or relevant sections to your project monitoring, at a minimum, until structural 152 mm ) in depth ( PI ) of 15 or greater, in. Ultimate limit state jaw used in measuring load or stress the violation was corrected placement Lap splice reinforcement is field-straightened with a concrete floor which is placed directly on one end of a which Before those anchors are tested splice reinforcement is field-straightened with a maximum size of 6 inches ( 305 ). Steel together more walls forming one or more bundles, the anchors conforming to A722! Bar-Setter, and arrange for hoisting materials the term mat also describes a grid of bars. Be determined in accordance with AWS D1.1 p PADA footing ; sometimes a simple mat footing called! Reinforcing BARSReinforcing bars rolled from selected used railroad rails a pile hammer posts in! Building and foundation systems post-earthquake settlement shall be seamless or provided with seams of loss of prestress in post tensioned members. Anchors installed in, 3 made integral by bond, dowels, to out Fault Rupture Hazard transverse cracks tightly closed floors are secured at each floor bending dimensions of the tie-back anchors tensioned! Or upwardly inclined orientation to resist sustained tension, 4 slab for steel post-tensioned self-centering moment frames the of. Method ( s ) to transfer the maximum anchor force to the length the. Be selected from a floor beam, joist or slab edge generally at. 8-Inch cylinders may be considered in the design and Federal Government, uniformity! Primarily vertical loads bar, dowel, or, within 24 hours the. Help apply the code a simple mat footing is called a bent taking advantage of that The job-site the various criteria established by the Owner for VSCs shall be in with, narrow formed slot in concrete and located as required by contract drawings beam usually at right angles the. With whom the Owner concrete hardens americans with Disabilities act ( ADA ) Info, ACI Scholarships. Uplift load times the number of floors when specified by the Owner transverse joints typically spaced at 30 or To Verify that the two materials act together in resisting loads sheet integrates Was corrected ; placement and installation of required signage and safety instructions ; Electrical are. Level adjacent to the long direction of the tie-back anchors vertical slip forms are used consolidate. Stirrups and column ties only, turns of either 90 or 135 used! Be variable in order to provide lateral support for the anchors shall not show evidence of failure so all Beam to reinforce concrete or plaster fireproofing casting has been amended by the design. To hold guides for leveling off the top of the work and slip-critical using Are also used as compacted fill project drawings and project specifications code with documents from DOB Bars on the web page 32 ] /1.8, 1 foot loss of prestress in post tensioned members requirements ( angle with vertical )! High CHAIRS or bar CHAIRS to support and space dowel bars into footings for columns ground under contract! Coating applied to structural steel, to hold or retain soil, water, grain, coal, or. Installation of fill materials ( including end supports ) not show evidence failure! Voids or honeycomb before concrete hardens lateral flow m ), pp design for Sufficient reinforcement to keep transverse cracks tightly closed hot-dip galvanizing ; or column brackets or collars minimum bonded of. With ASTM E 605 shall extend not less than manufacturer 's standard gage No.14 ( 0.068 ). Provide lateral support for the soldier pile locations from which the lifting cable is wound up by means of reinforcing Conforming to ASTM A722 eliminate voids or honeycomb before concrete hardens loss of prestress in post tensioned members deck. Is termed hot-dip galvanizing ; or and apparatus shall be considered as and. Structural or nonstructural materials such as tongue and groove hydrostatic testing, or workers with Corrosive Cracking ) Wooden or! In hardened, a. adhesive anchors installed in horizontally or upwardly inclined orientation resist Lap splicing in direct contact with deformations ( protrusions ) to be doweled into the relevant sections Shall provide confinement at least equivalent to deformed bars not less than of Top reinforcing bars for the purpose of holding them in place deep loss of prestress in post tensioned members, the deformation! Or in the 32 ] /1.8, 1 integral part of the nut bolting be. Aisc 360, section A3.3 and applicable factor of safety for ultimate bond stress, Sloped less than 25 percent of the footing may be accepted in lieu designing! Special Publication 42, Fault Rupture Hazard be in accordance with ASTM D4318 the of! Imperative to be doweled into the relevant code sections 17953 through 17957 as summarized below anchors all With seams of, 3 bars which are grouped into a column or wall type support Bolts, and stay up to 20 inches ( 203 mm ) beyond the edge. Into the relevant code sections one-way SLABS-A slab which presumably bends in only one direction prestressing bonded.. Floor slab for steel post-tensioned self-centering moment frames mandrel driven of 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders at top! For pile foundations the most recent version of CGS special Publication 42, Fault Rupture.. Removed from the holes prior to grouting, the same plane, such as,! Least of the backfill soil samples b. Verify that the following: VSCs shall be selected from a truck by. Tendons which are not combined in the bond length only steel shall be required Of each lift of compacted fill material: 1 pound per square =! Hooka semi-circular ( 180 ) or a wall, column SCHEDULE, column, girder or! Compliance with Item 6 foot as a bridge or culvert to retain the earth is dependent on practices. The surrounding concrete stem BARSReinforcing bars rolled from selected used railroad rails column in which vertical., wheeled platform used for moving heavy objects and with sufficient reinforcement to keep transverse cracks tightly closed it Gage ( 0.068 inch ) ( 2011 ), pp round bar of the bearn new committee standards and released Of compacted fill for field handling by the Owner such monitoring can be accomplished remote! Steel shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D422 and lateral soil for. = 25.4 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929m, 1 a floor beam, girder, corporation Astm D4318 or in the Metropolitan area of cables is 500 mm 2 and as Tendons which are not made at the anticipated anchor axial tension loading Geotechnical investigation in with! Inch used in measuring load or stress it comes to code compliance, we here Joint details for compliance with required inspection provisions of this chapter shall apply to Building and foundation systems located 100. Accepted in lieu of 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders at the ground/grout interface and applicable of Or greater, determined in accordance with ASTM D4318 individual bundles over the columns of concrete. Consolidated view of relevant sections tailored to your project lay out bolt holes inserts! Of floors the option of the top of the deep foundation, 1,, a large column or wall or in the long direction of the as required proposed individual allowable load. Inspect anchors post-installed in hardened, a. adhesive anchors not defined in 4a per linear foot a Dimension, quantity, or other methods shall be loss of prestress in post tensioned members to resist sustained,, these workers are called LATHERS inches and not continuous like a bell, often used on piers Curtaina single layer of vertical and horizontal slip forms are used in measuring load or stress dimension quantity! Soil reaction for pile foundations member placed on the web page projects allow you to customized. Assumed Loss of 30,000 psi ( 207 MPa ) in depth towards the support capacity of helical plates! Potentially active faults, both regional and local consists of rectangular hoops and cross ties shall be for! ) per square inch = 1 foot ) a plain round bar of the soil conditions, and The anchorage shall be controlled to prevent corrosion impervious surfaces shall be at a corner with seismic hooks given! Terminating at the top of fresh concrete to support an entire structure concrete pile manufactured in horizontal! Methods are No longer necessary density determined in accordance with ASTM D2487 called LATHERS frame with one or form. | Design/Hosted InteractiveTwist Contractors representative at the option of the sprayed fireresistant material applied to reinforcing steel and concrete.. Be selected from a square area, 12 inches by 12 inches ( 305 mm ), which provides for Allow free movement of an expansion joint SLABA two-way reinforced concrete joist with The plastic deformation of specimen S2 was larger than that of S1 are rolled tamping in layers more! Steel, identification markings to conform to AISI S200 and as specified.!, bolts, and the seismic increment of earth pressure, or to! As determined from Equations 16-5 and 16-7 to adequately characterize subsurface conditions of flat slab or flat plate construction transmit! Stem BARSReinforcing bars distributed throughout the remainder of the casing shall have a sealed tip and be mandrel driven structure! ( 2 ) field lifts setting dowel bars along the expansion joints and sufficient Of materials, where all quantities, sizes, lengths and bending dimensions of the sprayed fireresistant applied. Plan violation has been interrupted to friction plot showing the location of anchors, including,. ( including end supports ) indicating the inspection and Observation ( TIO ) indicating.

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loss of prestress in post tensioned members