Bookshelf J Sci Food Agric. If Gs decreases and Ci increases, the main reason for the decline in Pn at this time is the decreased photosynthetic capacity of mesophyll cells, which reduces the ability of mesophyll cells to use CO2, thus increasing the content of Ci. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Over all interception of radiation and yield per unit area are increased if plant population density increased but yield per plant decreased due to resource computation. The activity of SOD was determined based on inhibition of the photochemical reduction of nitro blue tolazoline (NBT) as described by Polle16. 1, 8385 (2002). Herb and oil composition of dill (Anethum graveolens L.): Effects of crop maturity and plant density. Zeidan, M.S., Amany, A. and Bahr El-Kramany, M.F. The content of volatile oil showed a similar trend as that of total flavonoids, being highest under T3 treatment and lowest under T1 treatment. Food Environ. The activities of antioxidant enzymes varied with the planting density. This study was conducted to evaluate the planting density on growth and yield of tomato fruit to determine the optimum planting density. The energetic yield of T3 treatment exceeded that of others treatments by 31.38%. The effect of plant density on grain yield at Coonamble in 2011 (), 2012 and 2013 (). Secondary metabolites of perilla sprouts include total flavonoids, essential oil, rosemary acid and anthocyanin. If the density exceeds a certain limit, it deteriorates the lighting and ventilation conditions in the population structure. Crop Science 40(4), 1070 (2000). Learn more Ayub, Muhammad The supernatant was collected for enzymatic assays, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Catalase (CAT). Figure1 shows the effects of planting densities on agronomic characters of perilla sprouts. Zegada-Lizarazu, Walter This implies that the decrease in Pn may be due to the reduction in Gs. The cultivation conditions were monitored and recorded from April, 2014 to October, 2018. 3a). Issue. 2014. Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe However, there was no significant difference in MDA contents between T2 and T5 treatments (Fig. and analyzed the data, L.L.W. Willet WC. 6, 171178 (2002). We speculate that with the narrowing of rows between plants at high planting density, the light energy absorbed by PSII antenna pigment dissipates less in the form of heat as more of it is used for photosynthetic electron transfer37. About 0.5g of fresh leaves were ground and Chlorophyll was extracted using acetone and 90% ethyl alcohol (v/v) at 4C for 48h until the leaves turned blanch. Tomato-growing goes best when the stem density is around 5 stems/m. ADS Rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. The activity of POD was highest under T4, which exceeded that of the lowest value of T2 by 44.98%. When this balance is disrupted, ROS accumulates causing damage in cells. Render date: 2022-11-03T18:32:47.408Z Planting density significantly affected ( P < 0.0001) bell pepper count and weight, with yields tending to decrease with increased plant density. Total loading time: 0.197 Iijima, Morio High amount of antioxidant substances are synthesized during germination46. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Annual Review of Plant Physiology 33(3), 317345 (1982). Planting at a density of 1450 plants m 2 significantly increased yield, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species, increased the content of total chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate, and decreased the content of MDA in perilla sprouts. Chlorophyll content was calculated based on absorbance reading from UV/visible spectrophotometer (722G) at 663, 645 and 470nm. The following types of fertilizers were used: 225kgN ha1, 100kg P2O5 ha1 and 125kg K2O ha1. Three alternate-row intercrop experiments of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and/or millet (Pennisetum glaucum)cowpea were grown at plant densities of 20000 to 80000 plants ha1 at two locations in northern Nigeria between 1990 and 1992 to examine relations between yield and plant density. (2015). (a+b) and Chl a/b content of 51.21, 45.1 and 43.47%, respectively, among all treatments. Different the lowercase letters show significance at the 5% level according to Duncans test. The data presented are the means standard error (SE) of three replicates for each group. The relative contents of RA and anthocyanin in perilla sprouts reached the maximum value at planting density of 1887 plants m2. Easter Sch. When this balance is disrupted, ROS accumulates causing damage in cells. PMC legacy view A. Photosynthesis || environmental regulation of photosynthesis. Plant growth, leaf composition, total yield, and fruit quality are affected by the substrates in soilless culture [32,33]. Ewansiha, Sylvester U. Seeds consume a lot of energy and resources during germination. Plant density and soybean yield. For instance, Pn and Tr increased at the initial stage after which they decreased. This mechanism may be used by cells of perilla sprouts to resist adverse external environmental conditions. ADS The planting densities, row spacing, and N rates did not affect wheat yield, or oil and protein content in soybean seeds. 2021 Apr 29;10(5):973. doi: 10.3390/foods10050973. Larkindale, J. & Yu, H. Q. Vadez, V. Here, we show report that T3 and T4 treatments are the optimal treatments as they increase the economic benefits, avoids resource wastage, and reduce the cost of cultivation. also revised and edited the manuscript. government site. The recommended sowing rate of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is about 10 kg pure live seed ha1, but it is debated if increasing the sowing rate enhances forage yield and quality in the sowing year. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Essential oil was prepared according to the procedure described by Burits and Bucar22. It was noted that the content of TSS decreased in various organs of corn when the planting density increased. Extraction of the aqueous distillate with n-hexane and removal of the solvent from the extract under vacuum yielded the essential oil. Planting density affects the antioxidant system of plants. initiated and designed the research, L.L.W., Z.D. In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period.Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the . Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were recorded at 1000 micron2s1 with Li-6400 portable photosynthetic meter. Different lowercase letters denote statistical differences between treatments groups at the 5% level determined by Duncans test. For each planting density, 50 representative plants were selected to perform experiments. agric. (2006) Effect of N-Fertilizer and Plant Density on Yield and Quality of Maize in Sandy Soil. Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of germinated edible seeds and sprouts: An updated review. A 3ml reaction mixture containing 50mmol phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 15mmol H2O2 and 0.15ml supernatant was prepared, followed by decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and determination of 1min CAT activity at 240nm by absorbance17. View Full Size Fig. The extraction was continued for 3h, to steam distillation, using a Clevenger apparatus until sufficient oil was collected. Planting at a density of 1450 plants m2 significantly increased yield, improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species, increased the content of total chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate, and decreased the content of MDA in perilla sprouts. The growth of cotyledons was inhibited while the growth of cotyl was enhanced as the seeding density increased. 1c,d). All treatments were conducted through a random block design with three treatments and three replications. However, no significant differences in RA content were observed between T2 T3 and T4 treatments. The results show that plant density has no effect on stem diameter and leaf length of groundnut. On the other hand, the leaf width did not differ between T2 and T3 treatment. Vanzant, Eric S. } The authors declare no competing interests. Density was found not to affect seedling establishment or plant survival, but there was a variety effect on seedling establishment. Notably, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT were the lowest while the content of MDA was the highest under T1 treatment. However, the mechanism by which T3 and T4 densities improve the quality of perilla sprouts should be further studied. However, as the planting density increases, the light intensity reaching each plant decreases, thereby decreasing the photosynthetic efficiency, the dry matter, and content of SP. The field experiment showed that, with the increasing of plant spacing, the plant height, plant internode length, leaf bend degree, leaf area index, and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS ( Fv / Fm) increased, while the stem diameter, leaf drooping angle, leaf angle, and the actual photochemical efficiency of PS ( PS) decreased. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, & Nasiri, J. Ros generation, oxidative burst and dynamic expression profiles of ros-scavenging enzymes of superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and ascorbate peroxidase (apx) in response to erwinia amylovora in pear (pyrus communis l). The highest plant height was noted in T4 treatment, which exceeded that of T1, T2, T3 and T5 by 60.37, 42.43, 28.30, and 15.06%, respectively (Fig. Polle, A., Otter, T. & Seifert, F. Apoplastic peroxidases and lignification in needles of Norway (Picea abies L.). b, Chl. LWT-Food Science and Technology 40(1), 0120 (2007). The effect of increasing density was to increase the maximum tiller number, but this was followed by different rates of tiller death until early June, after which there was no further compensation for tiller number. Data can vary widely between grower operations. Photosynthetica (Prague) 49(4), 633636 (2011). & Pradet, A. ATP production by respiration and fermentation, and energy charge during aerobiosis and anaerobiosis in twelve fatty and starchy germinating seeds.
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